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+
+PXE: Installing Slackware over the network
+==========================================
+
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+ When the time comes to install Slackware on your computer, you have a
+limited number of options regarding the location of your Slackware
+packages. Either you install them from the (un)official Slackware CDROM or
+DVD, or you copy them to a pre-existing hard disk partition before starting
+the installation procedure, or you fetch the packages from a network server
+(using either NFS, HTTP or FTP protocol).
+
+ The number of available options for booting your Slackware installer is
+similarly limited: either you boot your computer from the bootable first
+CDROM of the Slackware CD set, or from the DVD, or using a USB stick. There
+is even loadlin, the DOS based Linux starter, but lets not concern ourselves
+with the past today. Slackware 12.0 abandoned the floppy boot altogether.
+
+ What if your PC is lacking a CDROM drive and refuses to boot from a USB
+stick? Brands of PCs are on the market today (ultra-portable laptops for
+instance) that are unable to install Slackware the traditional way. However,
+these machines are commonly equipped with network peripherals, like bluetooth,
+wireless and wired network cards. How to solve this dilemma? Buy an external
+CD drive?
+
+ Well, there is another way of booting your computer that the Slackware
+installer supports. That is the 'network boot'. Network boot, or PXE boot,
+requires support from your computers network card and BIOS.
+Also, instead of installing packages from a Slackware CDROM set or DVD, you
+will need a network server that can instruct your computer how to fetch those
+packages from the network.
+
+ In this README, I will show you how to perform an installation that uses
+the network as the carrier medium, with a server on the local network that
+holds the boot kernel and the root filesystem (which contains the setup
+program), and also has all the Slackware packages. This means, there is no
+need for a floppy or CDROM drive.
+
+ Be warned: setting it all up is not trivial, and you need more than a
+beginners level of Linux knowledge, but this text and the accompanying
+example scripts in the last section should get you up and running even if
+you do not completely understand what is going on :-)
+
+
+PXE boot explained
+------------------
+
+ The commonly used method of booting a computer over the network is
+called PXE or 'Preboot Execution Environment'. If you want your computer to
+boot using PXE, it needs a network card with PXE-capable firmware, and a
+BIOS that supports network boot. Most modern network cards (and computers)
+sold on the market today support this. When a computer boots from the
+network, it is the network card that downloads the bootloader, kernel and
+a filesystem - any Operating System that might already be installed on the
+computer will be untouched. You can just as well boot a diskless computer
+using PXE - in fact this is how Thin Clients and the Linux Terminal Server
+Project work.
+
+ Of course, the other end of the network needs our attention, too. A
+PXE server needs to be available on the local network. The PXE firmware in
+your computers network card will contact this server in order to fetch some
+kind of bootable program code and bootstrap itself. What happens after the
+computer boots up has no longer anything to do with the PXE boot stage, it
+is the bootstrapping process were interested in.
+We will cover the requirements for such a server in one of the next
+paragraphs.
+
+
+The stages of a Slackware PXE install
+-------------------------------------
+
+ The Slackware network installation process will be roughly as follows:
+
+(1) You start the computer that is going to receive Slackware
+
+(2) On startup, you make sure you select network boot in the BIOS startup -
+ either by activating a custom startup sequence, or by entering a boot menu
+ after pressing a function key like 'F12', or else by preselecting network
+ boot as first option in the BIOS.
+
+(3) When the computer boots, the network card activates its PXE code and
+ tries to contact a PXE server. When such a server exists on the LAN,
+ it will tell the card where to download a piece of bootable code, an
+ Operating System kernel (the Slackware Linux kernel) and an initial
+ ramdisk (aka initrd - the compressed root-filesystem image where the
+ setup program, libraries and kernel modules are stored).
+ You will see a page full of mumbo-jumbo as the card broadcasts on the
+ LAN, and probes for possible candidate configurations to download;
+
+(4) If a willing PXE server is found, your computer's network card will
+ then download a kernel and initrd, boot the Linux kernel, unpack the
+ initrd into a ramdisk and start the Slackware installer's initialization
+ sequence.
+
+ This is where you'll be in familiar territory again, since this is exactly
+ what happens if you had booted from a CDROM or a floppy. But the fun is
+ not over...
+ Since we booted the computer using code that did not originate from our
+ computer, we will have to fetch the remainder of the data - the Slackware
+ packages - from the network as well. It's just that the freshly booted
+ Linux kernel has no idea how it came to be running on the computer: you
+ will have to initialize the network all over again. The network card's
+ PXE firmware has done its job and is no longer in the picture. So:
+
+(5) We need to load a kernel driver for our network card and locate a network
+ server that holds the Slackware package tree. Currently, you can choose
+ between installing from a NFS server, a Samba server or a HTTP/FTP
+ server. Before starting cfdisk and setup, we need to run the ('pcmcia'
+ and/or) 'network' command to probe the network card and load a suitable
+ driver. If your network card is not supported by any of the available
+ drivers, you are out of luck and will have to rethink your options.
+
+(6) From here on, installation proceeds as usual, under the condition that
+ you select 'Install from NFS (Network File System)', 'Install from
+ FTP/HTTP server' or 'Install from Samba share' as the source of the
+ Slackware packages.
+
+
+Workstation requirements
+------------------------
+
+As stated before, the requirements for the computer you want to install
+Slackware on, are as follows:
+
+(1) Network card (non-wireless) with PXE firmware, supported by Slackware
+
+(2) PC BIOS allowing to select 'network boot'
+
+ No other requirements have to be met for a network install, other than
+those you'd already have to meet in order to be able to install and run
+Slackware.
+
+
+Server requirements
+-------------------
+
+ This is the interesting part (well in my opinion at least - many people
+consider this as a dark art). A PXE Server is really a mix of several
+components. We need:
+
+(1) A service that understands the BOOTP protocol. BOOTP is a network
+ protocol somewhat like DHCP, and it is used by the PXE firmware to
+ broadcast on the network its desire to find a suitable server to download
+ the bootstrap code from. The DHCP Server packages that are part of
+ Slackware fulfill this requirement, since they talk BOOTP as well as DHCP.
+ The packages are dhcpd and dnsmasq; pick the one you like most.
+
+(2) A download service for the bootstrap code. A TFTP (trivial file
+ transfer protocol) server is needed for this. Slackware ships with an
+ implementation of a TFTP server called tftpd-hpa which does what we need.
+
+(3) And for the Slackware installer, a NFS, HTTP, FTP or Samba server is
+ required because we must perform a network install. We can use
+ Slackware's stock NFS, HTTP, FTP or Samba server for this.
+
+
+Configuration of the BOOTP/DHCP/TFTP/NFS services
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+ We'll look at how to set up the DHCP, TFTP and NFS services on a
+Slackware computer so that they work together as a PXE server. It is left as
+an excercise for the user to find out how to configure Apache (HTTP) or
+proftpd (FTP) in case installation over HTTP or FTP is preferred. In later
+examples, I will assume that the following URL's are valid for your HTTP/FTP
+server:
+ http://192.168.0.1/mirror/slackware/slackware-13.0
+ ftp://192.168.0.1/pub/mirror/slackware/slackware-13.0
+
+ The server will run all required services, i.e. acts as the LANs
+DNS, DHCP, TFTP and NFS (or HTTP/FTP/Samba) server. If you decide to
+separate DHCP and TFTP services onto two different servers (it does not
+matter where the NFS/HTTP/FTP/Samba server runs), I have included information
+about what you should be aware of in the next section on DHCP.
+
+ For ease of instruction, I will make a number of assumptions. These
+assumptions are reflected in IP addresses and address ranges that I use in
+my examples, in the names of directories, computers and network domains.
+This means that if you use the examples in this article, you should make
+certain that you replace all occurrences of these specifics with values
+that apply to your own network.
+
+(*) Our example network uses IP addresses in the range of 192.168.0.0 to
+ 192.168.0.254. This is equivalent to a network range 192.168.0.0/24 or
+ 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0.
+
+(*) Our network server will have the IP address of 192.168.0.1 and the
+ default gateway is 192.168.0.10. Server and gateway can be (but do not
+ need to be) the same physical machine.
+
+(*) The IP address range that the DHCP server will use for leasing to
+ DHCP/BOOTP enabled computers is 192.168.0.50 to 192.168.0.100.
+ This leaves enough room to have lots of machines with fixed IP addresses,
+ if you need them.
+
+(*) The DNS domain will be "my.lan".
+
+(*) Directories are used as follows:
+ Top level of the complete Slackware 13.0 directory tree (excluding the
+ source code if you're short on disk space) is
+ "/mirror/slackware/slackware-13.0"
+
+(*) The directory where we store the boot files for the TFTP server is
+ "/tftpboot/slackware-13.0"
+
+
+DHCP
+----
+
+ You probably already have a DHCP server running on your network. You
+can try and modify its configuration so that it will do want we want, or if
+that is impossible (for instance because the DHCP server is running on your
+DSL/Cable router) you could consider disabling that and setting up a
+Slackware DHCP server for your LAN with much enhanced functionality.
+
+ Slackware includes the ISC DHCP server package (dhcpd). Two example
+"/etc/dhcpd.conf" configuration files for this DHCP Server are included in the
+last section of the article.
+
+ If you don't want to be bothered with fancy configurations but want a
+quick solution that will just work for your network, use the first (simple)
+example /etc/dhcpd.conf configuration file as well as the provided
+/etc/rc.d/rc.dhcpd start script and you'll be up and running in minutes.
+It requires no editing of files, the examples will work out of the box.
+
+ If you know what you're doing and understand (more or less) how the
+DHCP server works, you can have a look at the second, more complex,
+/etc/dhcpd.conf example which has more features and offers control over
+what computers are allowed to do a network boot.
+
+ The rest of this chapter deals with the setup of a complex DHCP
+configuration.
+
+ By default, we should not allow network boots in our network (which is
+safer of course - imagine a computer that does an un-intended network boot
+and suddenly finds itself running the Slackware installer!). In the
+/etc/dhcpd.conf configuration file, we add a 'group' section were we can add
+those computers that we allow as network boot clients; the typical host
+statement for a computer looks like this
+
+host t43 {
+ hardware ethernet 00:12:34:56:78:9a;
+ fixed-address 192.168.0.3;
+}
+
+ Nothing spectacular; a computer is defined by the network card's
+hardware address (MAC address) and we instruct the DHCP Server to always
+assign it the same IP address. The boot-specific parameters are all contained
+in the 'group' block and look like this:
+
+group {
+ allow bootp;
+ next-server 192.168.0.1;
+ use-host-decl-names on;
+ if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 9) = "PXEClient" {
+ filename "/slackware-13.0/pxelinux.0";
+ }
+
+ host ABC {
+ .....
+ }
+
+ host XYZ {
+ .....
+ }
+}
+
+ This enables the DHCP server to detect network boot clients that use PXE
+and serves them the PXElinux boot loader we make available at
+"/slackware-13.0/pxelinux.0". What this boot loader does will be explained
+further down the article.
+
+ The 'next-server' parameter contains the IP address of the TFTP server.
+This will often be identical to the DHCP server's IP address, but if you
+have a TFTP server that is running on a different IP address than the DHCP
+server (i.e. they run on separate servers) you will have to add the remote
+IP address instead, like this (assuming the TFTP server is running on IP
+address 192.168.0.254):
+
+next-server 192.168.0.254;
+
+ If you are running a version of the 'ISC' dhcpd program that is >= 3.0.3,
+then the addition of a "next-server <ipaddress>;" line is mandatory. For older
+releases this was only needed if the TFTP and DHCP Servers actually had
+different addresses.
+
+ If you fail to set the 'next-server' address, the 'siaddr' field in the
+data returned to the client is set to zero where in the past it would
+default to the DHCP server's own IP address (which often happened to be the
+IP address of the TFTP server as well). The PXE client uses the 'siaddr'
+field to determine the IP address of the TFTP server and so the PXE booting
+will stall at the point of looking for a TFTP server.
+
+ If you are already using 'dnsmasq' as your DNS/DHCP server, then the
+above instructions for the ISC DHCP server are not applicable to your
+setup. Instead, you have to configure dnsmasq with this equivalent parameter:
+
+ dnsmasq --dhcp-boot=/slackware-13.0/pxelinux.0,"192.168.0.1",192.168.0.1
+
+or add this line to your /etc/dnsmasq.conf:
+
+ dhcp-boot=/slackware-13.0/pxelinux.0,"192.168.0.1",192.168.0.1
+
+The IP address "192.168.0.1" occurs twice; they should always be identical,
+and be the address of your TFTP server.
+
+
+TFTP
+----
+
+ The tftpd service is managed by inetd. Enable the line for tftpd in
+the file "/etc/inetd.conf" by removing the comment character at the beginning
+of the line:
+
+ tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/in.tftpd in.tftpd -v -s /tftpboot -r blksize
+
+and reload inetd:
+
+ /etc/rc.d/rc.inetd restart
+
+We need to create the directory /tftpboot which will hold the bootstrap
+files that tftpd will serve:
+
+mkdir /tftpboot
+
+ This directory is the root of a secure jail (the -s /tftpboot parameter
+in /etc/inetd.conf). The tftpd service is now configured and running. We
+just need to populate its root directory, but I"ll keep that for another
+paragraph.
+
+As an alternative to in.tftpd, you may want to use the built-in tftp server
+of dnsmasq. If you are already using dnsmasq as your DHCP server, this would
+make sense.
+Add the two following commandline parameters to your dnsmasq commandline:
+
+ --enable-tftp --tftp-root=/tftpboot
+
+or add the following two lines to your /etc/dnsmasq.conf file:
+
+ enable-tftp
+ tftp-root=/tftpboot
+
+NFS
+---
+
+ You need to export the directory where you keep your local copy of the
+Slackware packages, for instance by adding this to /etc/exports:
+
+/mirror/slackware 192.168.0.0/24(ro,sync,insecure,all_squash,subtree_check)
+
+If your Slackware packages are located somewhere below /mirror/slackware
+(like in our example network), the above line makes this directory tree
+available (read-only) to NFS clients in the local network defined by the IP
+address range 192.168.0.0/24.
+If you had to add this line to your /etc/exports file, you will need to
+restart the NFS server:
+
+ /etc/rc.d/rc.nfsd restart
+
+For simplicity's sake:
+The remainder of this chapter is a bullet list of the steps required if you
+just want to have this working and have no prior experience with NFS nor have
+such a server running at the moment (remember that any pathnames/IP addresses
+that are used here apply to our example network - adjust as needed):
+
+(*) Create a file named /etc/exports with the following content:
+
+ /mirror/slackware 192.168.0.0/24(ro,sync,insecure,all_squash)
+
+(*) The directory mentioned in /etc/exports is the target where
+ you copy (or move) your Slackware files to: The directory
+ "/mirror/slackware/slackware-13.0" should be the root of the Slackware
+ tree, containing such files as ChangeLog.txt and subdirectories like
+ "slackware" (or "slackware64" if you are working with the 64bit port)
+ and "kernels".
+
+(*) Make the NFS server startup script executable so that the NFS server
+ will start on every boot:
+
+ chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.nfsd
+
+ Start the NFS server (so you don't have to reboot already):
+
+ /etc/rc.d/rc.nfsd start
+
+
+PXELinux configuration
+----------------------
+
+ The previous paragraph described in generic terms how to setup the TFTP
+service, but it did not tell you how to populate the TFTP directory structure.
+Network clients that request boot files from the TFTP server will receive
+the files that are present in this directory structure.
+
+ PXELinux is much like isolinux, which is the bootloader that is used
+for the bootable Slackware CDROM #1. In fact, both programs are written by
+the same author and are available in Slackware via the syslinux package.
+
+The tftp directory structure:
+
+ As you can see in the DHCP section, the DHCP server has been configured
+to offer any interested PXE client (i.e. your computers network card) the
+file "/slackware-13.0/pxelinux.0" - this file contains the bootable code
+that first downloads and starts a Linux kernel, and then downloads and
+extracts the root filesystem containing the setup program and everything
+else that we need. This filename "/slackware-13.0/pxelinux.0" indicates
+a pathname relative to the root of the TFTP server. The PXE client will
+use the tftp protocol to fetch this bootloader. So this is what we do:
+create this directory "slackware-13.0" and copy the required files into it.
+First, the pxelinux bootloader itself:
+
+ mkdir /tftpboot/slackware-13.0
+ mkdir /tftpboot/slackware-13.0/pxelinux.cfg
+ cp /usr/lib/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /tftpboot/slackware-13.0/
+
+Also, we need the files from the Slackware CDROM that show the
+informative messages in the beginning. Assuming your local copy of the
+Slackware release can be found in "/mirror/slackware/slackware-13.0"
+(change paths in the below commands if your location is different) :
+
+ cp /mirror/slackware/slackware-13.0/isolinux/message.txt /tftpboot/slackware-13.0/
+ cp /mirror/slackware/slackware-13.0/isolinux/f2.txt /tftpboot/slackware-13.0/
+
+Very important: we need the initial ramdisk image (initrd.img) and the pxelinux configuration file that contains the instructions for the PXE clients:
+
+ cp /mirror/slackware/slackware-13.0/isolinux/initrd.img /tftpboot/slackware-13.0/
+ cp /mirror/slackware/slackware-13.0/usb-and-pxe-installers/pxelinux.cfg_default /tftpboot/slackware-13.0/pxelinux.cfg/default
+
+And lastly, we need all the kernels that the Slackware installer lets you
+choose from:
+
+ cp -a /mirror/slackware/slackware-13.0/kernels /tftpboot/slackware-13.0/
+
+
+Trying it out
+-------------
+
+ You now have a fully configured PXE server. Try it out! Take a
+computer that is able to do a network boot, start it, and watch it go
+through the motions of contacting the PXE server, downloading the PXE boot
+code and presenting you with the familiar Slackware installation screen!
+From there on you're on familiar grounds: choose a kernel, and off you go.
+
+ If you're not familiar with network installations, here are some hints:
+
+ The installer uses UDEV to load the required driver(s) for your network
+card. You can login as root, use (c)fdisk to create your partitions and
+start 'setup'. By the time you get to the point where you select your
+preferred method of network installation, the installer will ask you to
+supply network configuration parameters (IP address, netmask, gateway).
+If a DHCP server was found on your local network, you will have the
+alternative option to use DHCP and automatically configure the interface.
+
+ ====================================================================
+ If for whatever reason you do not want to use UDEV, you can pass
+ the parameter 'noudev' at the boot commandline. This will cause the
+ installer to fallback to the old behaviour where you have to load the
+ kernel driver for your network card yourself. You do have to run
+ the command 'network' which is the interactive program that allows
+ you to pick a driver or let Slackware probe the card and load the
+ correct driver. You can press 'L' to get a listing of all available
+ network drivers that you can select from (not all of them will be used
+ in the automatic probe). If the network program fails to detect the
+ card, and you know what driver your card needs but don't see it listed,
+ you're out of luck! If you forget to run the 'network' program before
+ you start 'setup', the network configuration dialog will run it when
+ the time comes, so that you do not have to start all over.
+ ====================================================================
+
+ Once you get to the SOURCE dialog, you can select either 'Install from NFS
+(Network File System)', 'Install from FTP/HTTP server' or 'Install from
+a Samba share' depending on which of those you have confgured for use
+and have available. You will need to supply a couple of values for IP
+Addresses and the network server directory.
+
+As a first exercise, here are values to use with a NFS server (for our
+example network):
+
+Your IP Address (pick any unused): 192.168.0.111
+Your netmask: 255.255.255.0
+The gateway: 192.168.0.10
+NFS server address: 192.168.0.1
+Slackware directory on NFS server: /mirror/slackware/slackware-13.0/slackware
+
+Next, some values to use with a FTP server (for our example network):
+
+Your IP Address (pick any unused): 192.168.0.111
+Your netmask: 255.255.255.0
+The gateway: 192.168.0.10
+FTP server address: ftp://192.168.0.1
+Slackware directory on ftpserver: /pub/mirror/slackware/slackware-13.0
+
+Next, example values to use with a HTTP server (for our example network):
+
+Your IP Address (pick any unused): 192.168.0.111
+Your netmask: 255.255.255.0
+The gateway: 192.168.0.10
+HTTP server address: http://192.168.0.1
+Slackware directory on webserver: /mirror/slackware/slackware-13.0
+
+Finally, example values to use with a Samba share (for our example network):
+
+Your IP Address (pick any unused): 192.168.0.111
+Your netmask: 255.255.255.0
+The gateway: 192.168.0.10
+Samba share: //192.168.0.1/mirror
+Slackware directory on webserver: /slackware/slackware-13.0
+
+ Note #1 - if you chose automatic network configuration using DHCP in an
+earlier step, you can probably use actual hostnames instead of IP addresses.
+This will depend on your LAN setup; if DHCP and DNS services are correctly
+configured, every network host will have a hostname that resolves to it's
+IP address.
+
+ Note #2 - in the case of the NFS server, you will have to supply the
+path to the Slackware package tree _including_ the '/slackware' subdirectory.
+For HTTP and FTP servers, it is sufficient to supply the root of the
+slackware-13.0 tree and leave the 'slackware' subdirectory out. The installer
+will figure out where the packages are.
+
+ From this point onwards, the installation proceeds just as when the
+SOURCE would have been a CDROM.
+
+Good luck!
+Eric Hameleers.
+
+
+Example configuration scripts
+-----------------------------
+
+
+First example "/etc/dhcpd.conf"
+-------------------------------
+
+A simple /etc/dhcpd.conf for your DHCP Server where all computers are allowed
+to boot from the network using PXE.
+
+# dhcpd.conf
+#
+# Configuration file for ISC dhcpd
+#
+# If this DHCP server is the official DHCP server for the local
+# network, the authoritative directive should be uncommented.
+authoritative;
+ddns-update-style none;
+
+# Allow bootp requests
+allow bootp;
+
+# Point to the TFTP server:
+next-server 192.168.0.1;
+
+# Default lease is 1 week (604800 sec.)
+default-lease-time 604800;
+# Max lease is 4 weeks (2419200 sec.)
+max-lease-time 2419200;
+
+subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
+ option domain-name "my.lan";
+ option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;
+ option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
+ option domain-name-servers 192.168.0.1;
+ option routers 192.168.0.10;
+ range dynamic-bootp 192.168.0.50 192.168.0.100;
+ use-host-decl-names on;
+ if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 9) = "PXEClient" {
+ filename "/slackware-13.0/pxelinux.0";
+ }
+}
+
+
+Second example "/etc/dhcpd.conf:
+--------------------------------
+
+A more advanced /etc/dhcpd.conf file for your DHCP server where you can
+specify exactly which computers are allowed to boot from the network using
+PXE (but you will have to collect their MAC addresses yourself and put them
+into separate host{} entries):
+
+# dhcpd.conf
+#
+# Configuration file for ISC dhcpd
+#
+
+# If this DHCP server is the official DHCP server for the local
+# network, the authoritative directive should be uncommented.
+authoritative;
+ddns-update-style none;
+
+# Ignore bootp requests:
+ignore bootp;
+
+# option definitions common to all configured networks...
+option domain-name-servers 192.168.0.1;
+
+subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
+ option domain-name "my.lan";
+ option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;
+ option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
+ option routers 192.168.0.10;
+ # We reserve the range 192.168.0.1 to 192.168.0.49 for static IP addresses
+ pool {
+ # Known clients (i.e. configured with a 'host' statement)
+ # that request an IP address via DHCP
+ range 192.168.0.50 192.168.0.100;
+ # Default lease is 1 week (604800 sec.)
+ default-lease-time 604800;
+ # Max lease is 4 weeks (2419200 sec.)
+ max-lease-time 2419200;
+ deny unknown clients;
+ }
+ pool {
+ # Guests
+ range 192.168.0.150 192.168.0.200;
+ # Default lease is 8 hours (28800 sec.)
+ default-lease-time 28800;
+ # Max lease is 24 hours (86400 sec.)
+ max-lease-time 86400;
+ deny known clients;
+ }
+}
+
+# Hosts which require special configuration options can be listed in
+# host statements. If no address is specified, the address will be
+# allocated dynamically (if possible), but the host-specific information
+# will still come from the host declaration.
+
+# Fixed IP addresses can also be specified for hosts. These addresses
+# should not also be listed as being available for dynamic assignment.
+# Hosts for which fixed IP addresses have been specified can boot using
+# BOOTP or DHCP. Hosts for which no fixed address is specified can only
+# be booted with DHCP, unless there is an address range on the subnet
+# to which a BOOTP client is connected which has the dynamic-bootp flag
+# set.
+
+# === Group definitions =============================================
+# Define groups of computers that you want to give special attention.
+
+group {
+ # Non-PXE machines
+
+ # Default lease is 1 week (604800 sec.)
+ default-lease-time 604800;
+ # Max lease is 2 weeks (1209600 sec.)
+ max-lease-time 1209600;
+
+ #host penguin {
+ # hardware ethernet xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx;
+ # fixed-address 192.168.0.2;
+ #}
+}
+
+group {
+ # PXEboot
+
+ # Default lease is 1 day (86400 sec.)
+ default-lease-time 86400;
+ # Max lease is 2 days (172800 sec.)
+ max-lease-time 172800;
+
+ # Allow bootp requests for this group:
+ allow bootp;
+
+ # Point to the TFTP server (required parameter!):
+ next-server 192.168.0.1;
+
+ # If you want to log the boot process, you will need to configure
+ # your logserver to allow logging from remote hosts.
+ #option log-servers 192.168.0.1;
+
+ use-host-decl-names on;
+
+ if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 9) = "PXEClient" {
+ filename "/slackware-13.0/pxelinux.0";
+ }
+ else if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 9) = "Etherboot" {
+ filename "/slackware-13.0/kernels/hugesmp.s/bzImage";
+ }
+
+ host t43 {
+ # Add your computer's MAC Address here:
+ hardware ethernet yy:yy:yy:yy:yy:yy;
+ fixed-address 192.168.0.3;
+ }
+} # end of PXEboot group
+
+
+RC script for DHCP
+------------------
+
+A Slackware start/stop script for the DHCP server that you can save as
+"/etc/rc.d/rc.dhcpd".
+
+Don't forget to make the script executable:
+
+ chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.dhcpd
+
+You can add the following lines to /etc/rc.d/rc.local so that the DHCP
+service starts when your server boots:
+
+if [ -x /etc/rc.d/rc.dhcpd ]; then
+ # Start the DHCP server:
+ /etc/rc.d/rc.dhcpd start
+fi
+
+This is the content of the file "/etc/rc.d/rc.dhcpd":
+
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# /etc/rc.d/rc.dhcpd
+# This shell script takes care of starting and stopping
+# the ISC DHCPD service
+#
+
+# Put the command line options here that you want to pass to dhcpd:
+DHCPD_OPTIONS="-q eth0"
+
+[ -x /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0
+
+[ -f /etc/dhcpd.conf ] || exit 0
+
+start() {
+ # Start daemons.
+ echo -n "Starting dhcpd: /usr/sbin/dhcpd $DHCPD_OPTIONS "
+ /usr/sbin/dhcpd $DHCPD_OPTIONS
+ echo
+}
+stop() {
+ # Stop daemons.
+ echo -n "Shutting down dhcpd: "
+ killall -TERM dhcpd
+ echo
+}
+status() {
+ PIDS=$(pidof dhcpd)
+ if [ "$PIDS" == "" ]; then
+ echo "dhcpd is not running!"
+ else
+ echo "dhcpd is running at pid(s) ${PIDS}."
+ fi
+}
+restart() {
+ stop
+ start
+}
+
+# See how we were called.
+case "$1" in
+ start)
+ start
+ ;;
+ stop)
+ stop
+ ;;
+ restart)
+ stop
+ start
+ ;;
+ status)
+ status
+ ;;
+ *)
+ echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart}"
+ ;;
+esac
+
+exit 0
+
+
+========================================================
+Author:
+ Eric Hameleers <alien@slackware.com> 22-jul-2009
+Wiki URLs:
+ http://www.slackware.com/~alien/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=slackware:pxe
diff --git a/usb-and-pxe-installers/README_USB.TXT b/usb-and-pxe-installers/README_USB.TXT
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1f436dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usb-and-pxe-installers/README_USB.TXT
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+
+Installing Slackware using a bootable USB stick
+===============================================
+
+**WARNING:**
+ The procedure outlined below will destroy all data that is currently
+ stored on the USB stick you use to create a USB Slackware installer.
+
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+ With the release of Slackware 12.0, the era of floppy-boot came to
+a definite end. The reason is simple - the Linux 2.6 kernel will not
+fit on a single floppy, even in it's most condensed configuration.
+In this README, I will show you how to use a bootable USB stick to
+install Slackware. This method - creating the USB equivalent of a
+boot/root floppy pair - is easy to use and fast. It requires that your
+computer is able to boot from USB-HDD.
+
+
+Booting the Slackware installer from a USB stick
+------------------------------------------------
+
+ The 'usbboot.img' file is a 25 MB small USB boot image that you can
+use to boot into the Slackware setup program. The mini image does not
+contain any installable Slackware package. In order to install Slackware
+you will need a local NFS/HTTP/FTP server or another Slackware package
+source like a prepared local harddisk partition. This small image file
+works great, especially when you can't or don't want to use CDROM media
+as the carrier for the Slackware packages.
+The image is transfered to a USB stick in a matter of seconds. Even the
+oldest and tiniest of USB drives is well suited for this purpose.
+
+ The usual way of installing Slackware from a network server repository,
+is to boot the Slackware CDROM, and run the ('pcmcia' and) 'network' script
+that load the drivers for your network card. You need a working network
+card before running setup and go through the installation procedure.
+When you type 'pcmcia' and/or 'network', the Slackware installer would look
+for the appropriate driver files on an available CDROM, and if no CDROM
+is found it prompts you to insert floppy disks.
+
+ Now, with a boot from our USB stick we are assuming there is no CDROM
+and no floppy drive available to us. So, this USB boot image contains
+all the drivers you need and will not prompt you for additional 'floppies'.
+A consequence of adding all the network and pcmcia drivers to the USB image
+is that using a bootable USB stick is not a suitable method to install
+Slackware on old PCs that are low on memory! The ramdisk will be more than
+30 MB in size, and you will need RAM for your kernel as well.
+
+
+Transfering the usbboot.img file to a USB device
+------------------------------------------------
+
+In order to create a bootable USB stick with the Slackware installer on it,
+copy the 'usbboot.img' file to a USB stick as follows:
+
+(1) In a Linux terminal if you're in X, or just from the console, change
+ directory to where the file 'usbboot.img' is located - you may have to
+ mount your Slackware CDROM or DVD first.
+(2) Insert a USB stick that is going to become your Slackware installer.
+ Note that all data the stick contains will be erased in the next steps!
+ You need to find out the device name for this USB stick. Sometimes it
+ helps to run the command 'rescan-scsi-bus' if the USB stick is not
+ being detected right away.
+ On systems without SCSI or SATA disks, the USB stick will usually be
+ assigned '/dev/sda' as the device name. If '/dev/sda' already is your
+ SCSI or SATA hard drive, then '/dev/sdb' would become the device name
+ for the USB stick. Be very convinced that you know which device name
+ represents your stick before you advance to the next step!
+(3) Transfer the image file to the USB stick using the 'dd' program. In the
+ example command line below, I am assuming that the USB stick is known as
+ '/dev/sdx'.
+
+ dd if=usbboot.img of=/dev/sdx bs=512
+
+ Be careful about the device name for your USB stick! The above 'dd'
+ command will wipe out any existing data on the device, so you had better
+ be sure that it is not the SATA hard disk you're targeting!
+
+
+Booting from the USB stick
+--------------------------
+
+ Your computer BIOS must support booting from USB HDD.
+
+ Plug the stick into your computers USB slot, and boot it up. Make
+sure you select boot from USB-HDD - how you do this is very dependent on
+the type of computer you have. Many computers will display a message
+during the initial stages of the booting that says something like
+"Press [F12] for a boot device list".
+
+ The Slackware installer will start just like when you had booted from
+a CDROM (maybe somewhat faster even). Log in as root. Start the install
+by partitioning your hard drive as usual, and running 'setup'. If you want
+to install from a network server such as a NFS, HTTP or FTP server, you
+should run the commands 'pcmcia' (if your network card is a PCMCIA type)
+and/or 'network' prior to running 'setup' in order to load a driver for
+your network card. If you want to install Slackware using a local hard
+disk partition in case you copied the content of the Slackware CDROMs/DVD
+there already, that is also an option.
+It would not make much sense to opt for the third install method to
+"use a CDROM" since we just abandoned the use of a CDROM medium :-)
+
+
+A remark about fdisk warnings
+-----------------------------
+
+ After writing the 'usbboot.img' to the USB stick, if you run fdisk -l
+you will see alarming output like this:
+
+ This doesn't look like a partition table
+ Probably you selected the wrong device.
+
+ Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
+ /dev/sda1 ? 8563200 8326647 2088818490 1 FAT12
+ Partition 1 has different physical/logical beginnings (non-Linux?):
+ phys=(124, 38, 11) logical=(8563199, 1, 16)
+ Partition 1 has different physical/logical endings:
+ phys=(344, 195, 26) logical=(8326646, 0, 49)
+ Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
+
+... and so on, for partitions 2, 3 and 4 as well.
+
+ This is actually harmless. The 'usbboot.img' file was copied to the
+raw device, it did not create partitions at all. Fdisk reads the information
+in the first sector and incorrectly interprets that as a messed-up device.
+
+
+Restoring a USB stick to its original state
+-------------------------------------------
+
+ When you have used the small 25 MB image to create a USB installer,
+your USB stick is no longer useful for anything else. Any remaining
+space on the stick (assuming you used a larger-than 25 MB stick for it)
+is inaccessible. Fortunately, it is easy to re-create a FAT partition on
+the stick (thereby removing the Slackware installer of course) so that
+the USB stick again becomes available for carrying around your data.
+
+ Take care about which device actually is your USB stick !!! The next
+command will render all data on /dev/sdx inaccessible !!!
+
+(1) First, wipe the bootsector of the USB stick:
+
+ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdx bs=512 count=1
+
+(2) Then, create a new FAT32 partition on the stick and write a FAT32
+ filesystem on it (vfat or type b in fdisk terminology):
+
+fdisk /dev/sdx <<EOF
+n
+p
+1
+
+
+t
+b
+w
+EOF
+mkdosfs -F32 /dev/sdx1
+
+ The 10 lines starting with 'fdisk /dev/sdx <<EOF' and ending with the
+ single word 'EOF' is actually one single command spread over ten lines,
+ including the two empty lines in the middle. This format is called a
+ 'here-document'. It allows you to use a command which expects interactive
+ input in a non-interactive way. If you're uncomfortable with the above
+ command you can just run
+
+ fdisk /dev/sdx
+
+ and create a partition interactively :-)
+
+==========================================================
+Author: Eric Hameleers <alien@slackware.com> 22-jul-2009
+Wiki URL: http://www.slackware.com/~alien/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=slackware:usbboot
+
diff --git a/usb-and-pxe-installers/pxelinux.cfg_default b/usb-and-pxe-installers/pxelinux.cfg_default
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de1e34cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usb-and-pxe-installers/pxelinux.cfg_default
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+default huge.s
+prompt 1
+timeout 1200
+display message.txt
+F1 message.txt
+F2 f2.txt
+label huge.s
+ kernel kernels/huge.s/bzImage
+ append initrd=initrd.img load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=0 rw SLACK_KERNEL=huge.s
+label speakup.s
+ kernel kernels/speakup.s/bzImage
+ append initrd=initrd.img load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=0 rw SLACK_KERNEL=speakup.s
diff --git a/usb-and-pxe-installers/usbimg2disk.sh b/usb-and-pxe-installers/usbimg2disk.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d98e21de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usb-and-pxe-installers/usbimg2disk.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# $Id: usbimg2disk.sh,v 1.2 2009/05/14 10:29:38 eha Exp eha $
+#
+# Copyright 2009 Eric Hameleers, Eindhoven, NL
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use of this script, with or without modification, is
+# permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+#
+# 1. Redistributions of this script must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
+# WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO
+# EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+# PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;
+# OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
+# WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
+# OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+# ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+# Paranoid as usual:
+set -e
+
+showhelp() {
+ echo "# "
+ echo "# Purpose: to use the content of Slackware's usbboot.img and transform"
+ echo "# a standard USB thumb drive with a single vfat partition"
+ echo "# into an alternative USB boot device for the Slackware installer."
+ echo "# "
+ echo "# Reason: some computers refuse to boot from a USB thumb drive if it was"
+ echo "# made bootable by dumping 'usbboot.img' onto it."
+ echo "# "
+ echo "# Your USB thumb drive may contain data!"
+ echo "# This data will *not* be overwritten, unless you have"
+ echo "# explicitly chosen to format the drive by using the '-f' parameter."
+ echo "# "
+ echo "# $(basename $0) accepts the following parameters:"
+ echo "# -h|--help This help"
+ echo "# -f|--format Format the USB drive before use"
+ echo "# -i|--infile <filename> Full path to the usbboot.img file"
+ echo "# -l|--logfile <filename> Optional logfile to catch fdisk output"
+ echo "# -o|--outdev <filename> The device name of your USB drive"
+ echo "# -u|--unattended Do not ask any questions"
+ echo "# "
+ echo "# Example:"
+ echo "# "
+ echo "# $(basename $0) -i ~/download/usbboot.img -o /dev/sdX"
+ echo "# "
+}
+
+reformat() {
+ # Commands to re-create a functional USB stick with VFAT partition:
+ # Only parameter: the name of the USB device to be formatted:
+ TOWIPE="$1"
+
+ # Sanity checks:
+ if [ ! -b $TOWIPE ]; then
+ echo "*** Not a block device: '$TOWIPE' !"
+ exit 1
+ fi
+
+ # Wipe the MBR:
+ dd if=/dev/zero of=$TOWIPE bs=512 count=1
+
+ # create a FAT32 partition (type 'b')
+ /sbin/fdisk $TOWIPE <<EOF
+n
+p
+1
+
+
+t
+b
+w
+EOF
+
+ # Format with a vfat filesystem:
+ /sbin/mkdosfs -F32 ${TOWIPE}1
+}
+
+makebootable() {
+ # Only parameter: the name of the USB device to be set bootable:
+ USBDRV="$1"
+
+ # Sanity checks:
+ if [ ! -b $USBDRV ]; then
+ echo "Not a block device: '$USBDRV' !"
+ exit 1
+ fi
+
+ # Set the bootable flag for the first (and only...) partition:
+ /sbin/sfdisk $USBDRV -N1 <<EOF
+,,,*
+EOF
+}
+
+# Parse the commandline parameters:
+if [ -z "$1" ]; then
+ showhelp
+ exit 1
+fi
+while [ ! -z "$1" ]; do
+ case $1 in
+ -f|--format)
+ REFORMAT=1
+ shift
+ ;;
+ -h|--help)
+ showhelp
+ exit
+ ;;
+ -i|--infile)
+ USBIMG="$(cd $(dirname $2); pwd)/$(basename $2)"
+ shift 2
+ ;;
+ -l|--logfile)
+ LOGFILE="$(cd $(dirname $2); pwd)/$(basename $2)"
+ shift 2
+ ;;
+ -o|--outdev)
+ TARGET="$2"
+ TARGETPART="${TARGET}1"
+ shift 2
+ ;;
+ -u|--unattended)
+ UNATTENDED=1
+ shift
+ ;;
+ *)
+ echo "Unknown parameter '$1'!"
+ exit 1
+ ;;
+ esac
+done
+
+# Before we start:
+[ -x /bin/id ] && CMD_ID="/bin/id" || CMD_ID="/usr/bin/id"
+if [ "$($CMD_ID -u)" != "0" ]; then
+ echo "You need to be root to run $(basename $0)."
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+# Prepare the environment:
+UNATTENDED=${UNATTENDED:-0} # unattended means: never ask questions.
+REFORMAT=${REFORMAT:-0} # do not try to reformat by default
+LOGFILE=${LOGFILE:-/dev/null} # silence by default
+
+# Sanity checks:
+if [ -z "$TARGET" -o -z "$USBIMG" ]; then
+ echo "*** You must specify both the names of usbboot.img and the USB device!"
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+if [ ! -f $USBIMG ]; then
+ echo "*** This is not a useable file: '$USBIMG' !"
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+if [ $REFORMAT -eq 0 ]; then
+ if ! /sbin/blkid -t TYPE=vfat $TARGETPART 1>/dev/null 2>/dev/null ; then
+ echo "*** I fail to find a 'vfat' partition: '$TARGETPART' !"
+ echo "*** If you want to format the USB thumb drive, add the '-f' parameter."
+ exit 1
+ fi
+else
+ if [ ! -b $TARGET ]; then
+ echo "*** Not a block device: '$TARGET' !"
+ exit 1
+ fi
+fi
+
+if mount | grep -q $TARGETPART ; then
+ echo "***"
+ echo "*** Please un-mount $TARGETPART first, then re-run this script!"
+ echo "***"
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+# Check for prerequisites:
+if [ ! -r /usr/lib/syslinux/mbr.bin -o ! -x /usr/bin/syslinux ]; then
+ echo "This script requires that the syslinux package is installed!"
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+# Show the USB device's information to the user:
+if [ $UNATTENDED -eq 0 ]; then
+ [ $REFORMAT -eq 1 ] && DOFRMT="format and " || DOFRMT=""
+
+ echo ""
+ echo "# We are going to ${DOFRMT}use this device - '$TARGET'."
+ /sbin/fdisk -l $TARGET | while read LINE ; do echo "# $LINE" ; done
+ echo ""
+
+ echo "*** ***"
+ echo "*** If this is the wrong drive, then press CONTROL-C now! ***"
+ echo "*** ***"
+
+ read -p "Or press ENTER to continue: " JUNK
+ # OK... the user was sure about the drive...
+fi
+
+# Initialize the logfile:
+cat /dev/null > $LOGFILE
+
+# If we need to format the USB drive, do it now:
+if [ $REFORMAT -eq 1 ]; then
+ echo "--- Formatting $TARGET and creating VFAT partition..."
+ if [ $UNATTENDED -eq 0 ]; then
+ echo "--- Last chance! Press CTRL-C to abort!"
+ read -p "Or press ENTER to continue: " JUNK
+ fi
+ ( reformat $TARGET ) 1>>$LOGFILE 2>&1
+fi
+
+# Create a temporary mount point for the image file:
+mkdir -p /mnt
+MNTDIR1=$(mktemp -d -p /mnt -t img.XXXXXX)
+if [ ! -d $MNTDIR1 ]; then
+ echo "*** Failed to create a temporary mount point for the image!"
+ exit 1
+else
+ chmod 700 $MNTDIR1
+fi
+
+# Create a temporary mount point for the USB thumb drive partition:
+MNTDIR2=$(mktemp -d -p /mnt -t usb.XXXXXX)
+if [ ! -d $MNTDIR2 ]; then
+ echo "*** Failed to create a temporary mount point for the usb thumb drive!"
+ exit 1
+else
+ chmod 700 $MNTDIR2
+fi
+
+# Mount the image file:
+mount -o loop $USBIMG $MNTDIR1
+
+# Mount the vfat partition
+mount $TARGETPART $MNTDIR2
+
+# Check available space:
+USBFREE=$(df -k $TARGETPART | grep "^$TARGETPART" |tr -s ' ' | cut -d' ' -f4)
+IMGSIZE=$(du -k $USBIMG | cut -f1)
+echo "--- Available free space on the the USB drive is $USBFREE KB"
+echo "--- Required free space: $IMGSIZE KB"
+
+# Exit when the image size appears larger than available space:
+if [ $IMGSIZE -gt $USBFREE ]; then
+ echo "*** The USB thumb drive does not have enough free space!"
+ # Cleanup and exit:
+ umount -f $MNTDIR1
+ umount -f $MNTDIR2
+ rmdir $MNTDIR1 $MNTDIR2
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+# Copy files to the USB disk in it's own subdirectory '/syslinux'
+echo "--- Copying files to the USB drive..."
+mkdir -p $MNTDIR2/syslinux
+cp -a $MNTDIR1/* $MNTDIR2/syslinux/
+rm -f $MNTDIR2/syslinux/ldlinux.sys
+
+# Unmount everything:
+umount -f $MNTDIR1
+umount -f $MNTDIR2
+
+# Remove the temporary directories:
+rmdir $MNTDIR1 $MNTDIR2
+
+# Run syslinux and write a good MBR:
+echo "--- Making the USB drive '$TARGET' bootable..."
+( makebootable $TARGET ) 1>>$LOGFILE 2>&1
+/usr/bin/syslinux -s -d /syslinux $TARGETPART 1>>$LOGFILE 2>&1
+dd if=/usr/lib/syslinux/mbr.bin of=$TARGET 1>>$LOGFILE 2>&1
+
+# THE END
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.26.2) at 2024-11-15 06:10:41 +0000