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diff --git a/slackbook/html/file-commands.html b/slackbook/html/file-commands.html deleted file mode 100644 index b541735d..00000000 --- a/slackbook/html/file-commands.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,275 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> -<head> -<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" /> -<title>Handling Files and Directories</title> -<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" /> -<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" /> -<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="NFS Mounts" href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html" /> -<link rel="NEXT" title="Pagers: more, less, and most" href="file-commands-pagers.html" /> -<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" /> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> -</head> -<body class="CHAPTER" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" -alink="#0000FF"> -<div class="NAVHEADER"> -<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" -cellspacing="0"> -<tr> -<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html" -accesskey="P">Prev</a></td> -<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom"></td> -<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-pagers.html" -accesskey="N">Next</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" /> -</div> - -<div class="CHAPTER"> -<h1><a id="FILE-COMMANDS" name="FILE-COMMANDS"></a>Chapter 10 Handling Files and -Directories</h1> - -<div class="TOC"> -<dl> -<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt> - -<dt>10.1 <a href="file-commands.html#FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION">Navigation : <tt -class="COMMAND">ls</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt>, and <tt -class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></dt> - -<dt>10.2 <a href="file-commands-pagers.html">Pagers: <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>, <tt -class="COMMAND">less</tt>, and <tt class="COMMAND">most</tt></a></dt> - -<dt>10.3 <a href="file-commands-output.html">Simple Output: <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt> -and <tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt></a></dt> - -<dt>10.4 <a href="file-commands-creation.html">Creation: <tt class="COMMAND">touch</tt> -and <tt class="COMMAND">mkdir</tt></a></dt> - -<dt>10.5 <a href="file-commands-copymove.html">Copy and Move</a></dt> - -<dt>10.6 <a href="file-commands-deletion.html">Deletion: <tt class="COMMAND">rm</tt> and -<tt class="COMMAND">rmdir</tt></a></dt> - -<dt>10.7 <a href="file-commands-link.html">Aliasing files with <tt -class="COMMAND">ln</tt></a></dt> -</dl> -</div> - -<p>Linux aims to the most Unix-like it can be. Traditionally, Unix operating systems have -been command-line oriented. We do have a graphical user interface in Slackware, but the -command-line is still the main level of control for the system. Therefore, it is -important to understand some of the basic file management commands.</p> - -<p>The following sections explain the common file management commands and provide -examples of how they are used. There are many other commands, but these will help you get -started. Also, the commands are only briefly discussed here. You will find more detail in -the accompanying man pages for each command.</p> - -<div class="SECT1"> -<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION" name="FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION">10.1 -Navigation : <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt>, and <tt -class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></h1> - -<div class="SECT2"> -<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3398" name="AEN3398">10.1.1 <tt -class="COMMAND">ls</tt></a></h2> - -<p>This command lists files in a directory. Windows and DOS users will notice its -similarity to the <tt class="COMMAND">dir</tt> command. By itself, <tt -class="COMMAND">ls</tt>(1) will list the files in the current directory. To see what's in -your root directory, you could issue these commands:</p> - -<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> -<tr> -<td> -<pre class="SCREEN"> -<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /</kbd> -<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls</kbd> -bin cdr dev home lost+found proc sbin tmp var -boot cdrom etc lib mnt root suncd usr vmlinuz -</pre> -</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The problem a lot of people have with that output is that you cannot easily tell what -is a directory and what is a file. Some users prefer that <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt> add -a type identifier to each listing, like this:</p> - -<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> -<tr> -<td> -<pre class="SCREEN"> -<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -FC</kbd> -bin/ cdr/ dev/ home/ lost+found/ proc/ sbin/ tmp/ var/ -boot/ cdrom/ etc/ lib/ mnt/ root/ suncd/ usr/ vmlinuz -</pre> -</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Directories get a slash at the end of the name, executable files get an asterisk at -the end of the name, and so on.</p> - -<p><tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt> can also be used to get other statistics on files. For -example, to see the creation dates, owners, and permissions, you would look at a long -listing:</p> - -<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> -<tr> -<td> -<pre class="SCREEN"> -<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l</kbd> -drwxr-xr-x 2 root bin 4096 May 7 09:11 bin/ -drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 03:55 boot/ -drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 18 01:10 cdr/ -drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 6144 Oct 23 18:37 cdrom/ -drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 28672 Mar 5 18:01 dev/ -drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:32 etc/ -drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:31 home/ -drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 23 21:29 lib/ -drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 16384 Nov 1 08:53 lost+found/ -drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 6 12:47 mnt/ -dr-xr-xr-x 62 root root 0 Mar 4 15:32 proc/ -drwxr-x--x 12 root root 4096 Feb 26 02:06 root/ -drwxr-xr-x 2 root bin 4096 Feb 17 02:02 sbin/ -drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 2048 Oct 25 10:51 suncd/ -drwxrwxrwt 4 root root 487424 Mar 7 20:42 tmp/ -drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 4096 Aug 24 03:04 usr/ -drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:32 var/ -</pre> -</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Suppose you want to get a listing of the hidden files in the current directory. This -command will do just that:</p> - -<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> -<tr> -<td> -<pre class="SCREEN"> -<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -a</kbd> -. bin cdrom home mnt sbin usr -.. boot dev lib proc suncd var -.pwrchute_tmp cdr etc lost+found root tmp vmlinuz -</pre> -</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Files beginning with a period (called dot files) are hidden when you run <tt -class="COMMAND">ls</tt>. You will only see them if you pass the <var -class="OPTION">-a</var> option.</p> - -<p>There are many more options that can be found in the online manual page. Don't forget -that you can combine options that you pass to <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt>.</p> -</div> - -<div class="SECT2"> -<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3436" name="AEN3436">10.1.2 <tt -class="COMMAND">cd</tt></a></h2> - -<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> command is used to change working directories. You -simply type <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> followed by the path name to change to. Here are -some examples:</p> - -<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> -<tr> -<td> -<pre class="SCREEN"> -darkstar:~$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /bin</kbd> -darkstar:/bin$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd usr</kbd> -bash: cd: usr: No such file or directory -darkstar:/bin$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /usr</kbd> -darkstar:/usr$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls</kbd> -bin -darkstar:/usr$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd bin</kbd> -darkstar:/usr/bin$ -</pre> -</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Notice that without the preceding slash, it tries to change to a directory in the -current directory. Also executing <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> with no options will move -you to your home directory.</p> - -<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> command is not like the other commands. It is a -builtin shell command. Shell builtins are discussed in <a -href="shell-bash.html#SHELL-BASH-ENVIRONMENT">Section 8.3.1</a>. This may not make any -sense to you right now. Basically it means there is no man page for this command. -Instead, you have to use the shell help. Like this:</p> - -<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> -<tr> -<td> -<pre class="SCREEN"> -<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">help cd</kbd> -</pre> -</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>It will display the options for <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> and how to use them.</p> -</div> - -<div class="SECT2"> -<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3463" name="AEN3463">10.1.3 <tt -class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></h2> - -<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt> command is used to show your current location. To use -the <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt> command just type <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt>. For -example:</p> - -<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> -<tr> -<td> -<pre class="SCREEN"> -<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /bin</kbd> -<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">pwd</kbd> -/bin -<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /usr</kbd> -<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd bin</kbd> -<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">pwd</kbd> -/usr/bin -</pre> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="NAVFOOTER"> -<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" /> -<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" -cellspacing="0"> -<tr> -<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html" -accesskey="P">Prev</a></td> -<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html" -accesskey="H">Home</a></td> -<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-pagers.html" -accesskey="N">Next</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">NFS Mounts</td> -<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td> -<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Pagers: <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>, <tt -class="COMMAND">less</tt>, and <tt class="COMMAND">most</tt></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -</body> -</html> - |