diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'misc/slackbook/html/file-commands.html')
| -rw-r--r-- | misc/slackbook/html/file-commands.html | 275 |
1 files changed, 275 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/misc/slackbook/html/file-commands.html b/misc/slackbook/html/file-commands.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b541735d --- /dev/null +++ b/misc/slackbook/html/file-commands.html @@ -0,0 +1,275 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" /> +<title>Handling Files and Directories</title> +<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" /> +<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" /> +<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="NFS Mounts" href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html" /> +<link rel="NEXT" title="Pagers: more, less, and most" href="file-commands-pagers.html" /> +<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> +</head> +<body class="CHAPTER" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" +alink="#0000FF"> +<div class="NAVHEADER"> +<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" +cellspacing="0"> +<tr> +<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html" +accesskey="P">Prev</a></td> +<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom"></td> +<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-pagers.html" +accesskey="N">Next</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" /> +</div> + +<div class="CHAPTER"> +<h1><a id="FILE-COMMANDS" name="FILE-COMMANDS"></a>Chapter 10 Handling Files and +Directories</h1> + +<div class="TOC"> +<dl> +<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt> + +<dt>10.1 <a href="file-commands.html#FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION">Navigation : <tt +class="COMMAND">ls</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt>, and <tt +class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></dt> + +<dt>10.2 <a href="file-commands-pagers.html">Pagers: <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>, <tt +class="COMMAND">less</tt>, and <tt class="COMMAND">most</tt></a></dt> + +<dt>10.3 <a href="file-commands-output.html">Simple Output: <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt> +and <tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt></a></dt> + +<dt>10.4 <a href="file-commands-creation.html">Creation: <tt class="COMMAND">touch</tt> +and <tt class="COMMAND">mkdir</tt></a></dt> + +<dt>10.5 <a href="file-commands-copymove.html">Copy and Move</a></dt> + +<dt>10.6 <a href="file-commands-deletion.html">Deletion: <tt class="COMMAND">rm</tt> and +<tt class="COMMAND">rmdir</tt></a></dt> + +<dt>10.7 <a href="file-commands-link.html">Aliasing files with <tt +class="COMMAND">ln</tt></a></dt> +</dl> +</div> + +<p>Linux aims to the most Unix-like it can be. Traditionally, Unix operating systems have +been command-line oriented. We do have a graphical user interface in Slackware, but the +command-line is still the main level of control for the system. Therefore, it is +important to understand some of the basic file management commands.</p> + +<p>The following sections explain the common file management commands and provide +examples of how they are used. There are many other commands, but these will help you get +started. Also, the commands are only briefly discussed here. You will find more detail in +the accompanying man pages for each command.</p> + +<div class="SECT1"> +<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION" name="FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION">10.1 +Navigation : <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt>, and <tt +class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></h1> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3398" name="AEN3398">10.1.1 <tt +class="COMMAND">ls</tt></a></h2> + +<p>This command lists files in a directory. Windows and DOS users will notice its +similarity to the <tt class="COMMAND">dir</tt> command. By itself, <tt +class="COMMAND">ls</tt>(1) will list the files in the current directory. To see what's in +your root directory, you could issue these commands:</p> + +<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls</kbd> +bin cdr dev home lost+found proc sbin tmp var +boot cdrom etc lib mnt root suncd usr vmlinuz +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The problem a lot of people have with that output is that you cannot easily tell what +is a directory and what is a file. Some users prefer that <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt> add +a type identifier to each listing, like this:</p> + +<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -FC</kbd> +bin/ cdr/ dev/ home/ lost+found/ proc/ sbin/ tmp/ var/ +boot/ cdrom/ etc/ lib/ mnt/ root/ suncd/ usr/ vmlinuz +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Directories get a slash at the end of the name, executable files get an asterisk at +the end of the name, and so on.</p> + +<p><tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt> can also be used to get other statistics on files. For +example, to see the creation dates, owners, and permissions, you would look at a long +listing:</p> + +<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l</kbd> +drwxr-xr-x 2 root bin 4096 May 7 09:11 bin/ +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 03:55 boot/ +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 18 01:10 cdr/ +drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 6144 Oct 23 18:37 cdrom/ +drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 28672 Mar 5 18:01 dev/ +drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:32 etc/ +drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:31 home/ +drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 23 21:29 lib/ +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 16384 Nov 1 08:53 lost+found/ +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 6 12:47 mnt/ +dr-xr-xr-x 62 root root 0 Mar 4 15:32 proc/ +drwxr-x--x 12 root root 4096 Feb 26 02:06 root/ +drwxr-xr-x 2 root bin 4096 Feb 17 02:02 sbin/ +drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 2048 Oct 25 10:51 suncd/ +drwxrwxrwt 4 root root 487424 Mar 7 20:42 tmp/ +drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 4096 Aug 24 03:04 usr/ +drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:32 var/ +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Suppose you want to get a listing of the hidden files in the current directory. This +command will do just that:</p> + +<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -a</kbd> +. bin cdrom home mnt sbin usr +.. boot dev lib proc suncd var +.pwrchute_tmp cdr etc lost+found root tmp vmlinuz +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Files beginning with a period (called dot files) are hidden when you run <tt +class="COMMAND">ls</tt>. You will only see them if you pass the <var +class="OPTION">-a</var> option.</p> + +<p>There are many more options that can be found in the online manual page. Don't forget +that you can combine options that you pass to <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3436" name="AEN3436">10.1.2 <tt +class="COMMAND">cd</tt></a></h2> + +<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> command is used to change working directories. You +simply type <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> followed by the path name to change to. Here are +some examples:</p> + +<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre class="SCREEN"> +darkstar:~$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /bin</kbd> +darkstar:/bin$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd usr</kbd> +bash: cd: usr: No such file or directory +darkstar:/bin$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /usr</kbd> +darkstar:/usr$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls</kbd> +bin +darkstar:/usr$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd bin</kbd> +darkstar:/usr/bin$ +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Notice that without the preceding slash, it tries to change to a directory in the +current directory. Also executing <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> with no options will move +you to your home directory.</p> + +<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> command is not like the other commands. It is a +builtin shell command. Shell builtins are discussed in <a +href="shell-bash.html#SHELL-BASH-ENVIRONMENT">Section 8.3.1</a>. This may not make any +sense to you right now. Basically it means there is no man page for this command. +Instead, you have to use the shell help. Like this:</p> + +<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">help cd</kbd> +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>It will display the options for <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> and how to use them.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3463" name="AEN3463">10.1.3 <tt +class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></h2> + +<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt> command is used to show your current location. To use +the <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt> command just type <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt>. For +example:</p> + +<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /bin</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">pwd</kbd> +/bin +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /usr</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd bin</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">pwd</kbd> +/usr/bin +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="NAVFOOTER"> +<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" /> +<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" +cellspacing="0"> +<tr> +<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html" +accesskey="P">Prev</a></td> +<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html" +accesskey="H">Home</a></td> +<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-pagers.html" +accesskey="N">Next</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">NFS Mounts</td> +<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td> +<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Pagers: <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>, <tt +class="COMMAND">less</tt>, and <tt class="COMMAND">most</tt></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</body> +</html> + |