diff options
| author | Patrick J Volkerding <volkerdi@slackware.com> | 2009-08-26 10:00:38 -0500 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Eric Hameleers <alien@slackware.com> | 2018-05-31 22:41:17 +0200 |
| commit | 5a12e7c134274dba706667107d10d231517d3e05 (patch) | |
| tree | 55718d5acb710fde798d9f38d0bbaf594ed4b296 /slackbook/html/file-commands.html | |
| download | current-5a12e7c134274dba706667107d10d231517d3e05.tar.gz | |
Slackware 13.0slackware-13.0
Wed Aug 26 10:00:38 CDT 2009
Slackware 13.0 x86_64 is released as stable! Thanks to everyone who
helped make this release possible -- see the RELEASE_NOTES for the
credits. The ISOs are off to the replicator. This time it will be a
6 CD-ROM 32-bit set and a dual-sided 32-bit/64-bit x86/x86_64 DVD.
We're taking pre-orders now at store.slackware.com. Please consider
picking up a copy to help support the project. Once again, thanks to
the entire Slackware community for all the help testing and fixing
things and offering suggestions during this development cycle.
As always, have fun and enjoy! -P.
Diffstat (limited to 'slackbook/html/file-commands.html')
| -rw-r--r-- | slackbook/html/file-commands.html | 275 |
1 files changed, 275 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/slackbook/html/file-commands.html b/slackbook/html/file-commands.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b541735d --- /dev/null +++ b/slackbook/html/file-commands.html @@ -0,0 +1,275 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" /> +<title>Handling Files and Directories</title> +<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" /> +<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" /> +<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="NFS Mounts" href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html" /> +<link rel="NEXT" title="Pagers: more, less, and most" href="file-commands-pagers.html" /> +<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> +</head> +<body class="CHAPTER" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" +alink="#0000FF"> +<div class="NAVHEADER"> +<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" +cellspacing="0"> +<tr> +<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html" +accesskey="P">Prev</a></td> +<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom"></td> +<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-pagers.html" +accesskey="N">Next</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" /> +</div> + +<div class="CHAPTER"> +<h1><a id="FILE-COMMANDS" name="FILE-COMMANDS"></a>Chapter 10 Handling Files and +Directories</h1> + +<div class="TOC"> +<dl> +<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt> + +<dt>10.1 <a href="file-commands.html#FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION">Navigation : <tt +class="COMMAND">ls</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt>, and <tt +class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></dt> + +<dt>10.2 <a href="file-commands-pagers.html">Pagers: <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>, <tt +class="COMMAND">less</tt>, and <tt class="COMMAND">most</tt></a></dt> + +<dt>10.3 <a href="file-commands-output.html">Simple Output: <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt> +and <tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt></a></dt> + +<dt>10.4 <a href="file-commands-creation.html">Creation: <tt class="COMMAND">touch</tt> +and <tt class="COMMAND">mkdir</tt></a></dt> + +<dt>10.5 <a href="file-commands-copymove.html">Copy and Move</a></dt> + +<dt>10.6 <a href="file-commands-deletion.html">Deletion: <tt class="COMMAND">rm</tt> and +<tt class="COMMAND">rmdir</tt></a></dt> + +<dt>10.7 <a href="file-commands-link.html">Aliasing files with <tt +class="COMMAND">ln</tt></a></dt> +</dl> +</div> + +<p>Linux aims to the most Unix-like it can be. Traditionally, Unix operating systems have +been command-line oriented. We do have a graphical user interface in Slackware, but the +command-line is still the main level of control for the system. Therefore, it is +important to understand some of the basic file management commands.</p> + +<p>The following sections explain the common file management commands and provide +examples of how they are used. There are many other commands, but these will help you get +started. Also, the commands are only briefly discussed here. You will find more detail in +the accompanying man pages for each command.</p> + +<div class="SECT1"> +<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION" name="FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION">10.1 +Navigation : <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt>, and <tt +class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></h1> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3398" name="AEN3398">10.1.1 <tt +class="COMMAND">ls</tt></a></h2> + +<p>This command lists files in a directory. Windows and DOS users will notice its +similarity to the <tt class="COMMAND">dir</tt> command. By itself, <tt +class="COMMAND">ls</tt>(1) will list the files in the current directory. To see what's in +your root directory, you could issue these commands:</p> + +<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls</kbd> +bin cdr dev home lost+found proc sbin tmp var +boot cdrom etc lib mnt root suncd usr vmlinuz +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The problem a lot of people have with that output is that you cannot easily tell what +is a directory and what is a file. Some users prefer that <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt> add +a type identifier to each listing, like this:</p> + +<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -FC</kbd> +bin/ cdr/ dev/ home/ lost+found/ proc/ sbin/ tmp/ var/ +boot/ cdrom/ etc/ lib/ mnt/ root/ suncd/ usr/ vmlinuz +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Directories get a slash at the end of the name, executable files get an asterisk at +the end of the name, and so on.</p> + +<p><tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt> can also be used to get other statistics on files. For +example, to see the creation dates, owners, and permissions, you would look at a long +listing:</p> + +<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l</kbd> +drwxr-xr-x 2 root bin 4096 May 7 09:11 bin/ +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 03:55 boot/ +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 18 01:10 cdr/ +drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 6144 Oct 23 18:37 cdrom/ +drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 28672 Mar 5 18:01 dev/ +drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:32 etc/ +drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:31 home/ +drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 23 21:29 lib/ +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 16384 Nov 1 08:53 lost+found/ +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 6 12:47 mnt/ +dr-xr-xr-x 62 root root 0 Mar 4 15:32 proc/ +drwxr-x--x 12 root root 4096 Feb 26 02:06 root/ +drwxr-xr-x 2 root bin 4096 Feb 17 02:02 sbin/ +drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 2048 Oct 25 10:51 suncd/ +drwxrwxrwt 4 root root 487424 Mar 7 20:42 tmp/ +drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 4096 Aug 24 03:04 usr/ +drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:32 var/ +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Suppose you want to get a listing of the hidden files in the current directory. This +command will do just that:</p> + +<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -a</kbd> +. bin cdrom home mnt sbin usr +.. boot dev lib proc suncd var +.pwrchute_tmp cdr etc lost+found root tmp vmlinuz +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Files beginning with a period (called dot files) are hidden when you run <tt +class="COMMAND">ls</tt>. You will only see them if you pass the <var +class="OPTION">-a</var> option.</p> + +<p>There are many more options that can be found in the online manual page. Don't forget +that you can combine options that you pass to <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt>.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3436" name="AEN3436">10.1.2 <tt +class="COMMAND">cd</tt></a></h2> + +<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> command is used to change working directories. You +simply type <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> followed by the path name to change to. Here are +some examples:</p> + +<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre class="SCREEN"> +darkstar:~$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /bin</kbd> +darkstar:/bin$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd usr</kbd> +bash: cd: usr: No such file or directory +darkstar:/bin$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /usr</kbd> +darkstar:/usr$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls</kbd> +bin +darkstar:/usr$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd bin</kbd> +darkstar:/usr/bin$ +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Notice that without the preceding slash, it tries to change to a directory in the +current directory. Also executing <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> with no options will move +you to your home directory.</p> + +<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> command is not like the other commands. It is a +builtin shell command. Shell builtins are discussed in <a +href="shell-bash.html#SHELL-BASH-ENVIRONMENT">Section 8.3.1</a>. This may not make any +sense to you right now. Basically it means there is no man page for this command. +Instead, you have to use the shell help. Like this:</p> + +<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">help cd</kbd> +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>It will display the options for <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> and how to use them.</p> +</div> + +<div class="SECT2"> +<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3463" name="AEN3463">10.1.3 <tt +class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></h2> + +<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt> command is used to show your current location. To use +the <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt> command just type <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt>. For +example:</p> + +<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> +<pre class="SCREEN"> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /bin</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">pwd</kbd> +/bin +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /usr</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd bin</kbd> +<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">pwd</kbd> +/usr/bin +</pre> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="NAVFOOTER"> +<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" /> +<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" +cellspacing="0"> +<tr> +<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html" +accesskey="P">Prev</a></td> +<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html" +accesskey="H">Home</a></td> +<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-pagers.html" +accesskey="N">Next</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">NFS Mounts</td> +<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td> +<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Pagers: <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>, <tt +class="COMMAND">less</tt>, and <tt class="COMMAND">most</tt></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</body> +</html> + |